Definition of Hiring (Ijarah 'ala al-Ashkhas)
Hiring is the contract through which a service/work of a natural or legal person is obtained against a specific amount of pay. Service can be: (a) Specific task — defined work (e.g., "paint my house"); or (b) Defined period — employee works for stated time (e.g., "employment for 1 year") with service specified through terms of reference.
Two Types of Employees
- Private Employee (Ajir Khas): Works for and under supervision of single employer. CANNOT work for another without employer's permission. Employer has exclusive right to control.
- Shared Employee (Ajir Mushtarak): Works for multiple employers simultaneously. NOT under exclusive control of any single employer. No restriction on simultaneous employment.
Essential Elements and Conditions
- Parties: Both employer and employee must have legal capacity (capable of giving and receiving agency).
- Work Definition: Private employee must be informed of hiring period and general type of work. Shared employee must be informed of work, type, and specifications.
- Period: Can be specified (work must be done within period) or indeterminate (customary practice applies).
- Compensation: Must be KNOWN amount; can be salary, piece-rate, or commission.
- Framework Agreements: Permissible to have framework agreement governing general conditions, with separate hiring contracts for each operation (modern practice).
Security Deposit and Earnest Money
Employer may request security deposit from client (if institution is hiring services) to guarantee seriousness in executing pledge. Deduction from deposit limited to actual harm caused by withdrawal. Deposit can be kept as unencumbered deposit, invested in Mudarabah/Investment Agency, frozen in guaranteed account, or treated as prepaid installment.
Employer and Employee Obligations
| Party | Key Obligations |
|---|---|
| Employer | Pay agreed compensation on due date; provide working conditions; not demand work beyond scope; not prevent employee from performing; deal fairly |
| Employee | Perform work diligently and honestly; follow employer's lawful instructions; preserve employer's property; not compete without permission; disclose conflicts |
Liability of Private Employee
General rule: Private employee NOT responsible for damage unless due to: (a) misconduct/negligence of employee; (b) violation of employer instructions; (c) exceeding scope of work. Employee acts as trustee (Amin) for employer's property—not liable for loss due to force majeure or normal wear.
Termination, Expiry, and Renewal
- Employer may terminate without cause (subject to compensation rules for premature termination)
- Employee may resign without cause (subject to compensation rules)
- Contract terminates upon expiration of stated period
- Renewal requires new contract; renewal on same terms may require explicit re-agreement
- Upon termination, employer liable to pay compensation for work performed; employee must return employer property
Hiring as Ijarah vs. Ju'alah vs. Mudarabah
| Aspect | Hiring (Ijarah) | Ju'alah | Mudarabah |
|---|---|---|---|
| Work Definition | Work/service clearly defined | Result clear; effort uncertain | Capital + labor; shared profit/loss |
| Compensation | Fixed wage/salary/rate | Based on achieving result | Profit share (pre-agreed ratio) |
| Binding | Binding from agreement | Non-binding until work commences | Binding; fixed term |
| Liability | Employee liable for negligence/breach | Worker liable for negligence | Manager (Mudarib) shares losses |
| Risk Allocation | Employer bears performance risk | Offerer bears result risk | Shared risk by agreement |
| Employee Status | Employee under supervision | Independent contractor | Partner/manager role |